{"id":2148,"date":"2015-06-23T10:30:33","date_gmt":"2015-06-23T08:30:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/?p=2148"},"modified":"2025-08-01T13:23:28","modified_gmt":"2025-08-01T11:23:28","slug":"convertir-filas-en-columnas-y-columnas-en-filas-en-sql-server","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/convertir-filas-en-columnas-y-columnas-en-filas-en-sql-server","title":{"rendered":"Convertir filas en columnas y columnas en filas en SQL Server"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\">En este post quiero hablar de los operadores relacionales <strong>PIVOT<\/strong> y <strong>UNPIVOT<\/strong> de <strong>SQL Server<\/strong> los cuales en una consulta SQL permiten intercambiar los resultados de filas por columnas (<strong>referencias cruzadas<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Aunque en este post nos centramos en <strong>SQL Server<\/strong> estos operadores est\u00e1n disponibles en otros gestores de <em>Base de Datos<\/em> como <strong>Oracle<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_72 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/convertir-filas-en-columnas-y-columnas-en-filas-en-sql-server\/#PIVOT\" title=\"PIVOT\">PIVOT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/convertir-filas-en-columnas-y-columnas-en-filas-en-sql-server\/#UNPIVOT\" title=\"UNPIVOT\">UNPIVOT<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PIVOT\"><\/span>PIVOT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A trav\u00e9s de este operador de SQL Server, podemos transformar las filas devueltas mediante una consulta en columnas de valor \u00fanico.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2149\" title=\"pivot sql server INESEM\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-sql_server.png\" alt=\"operador pivot\" width=\"345\" height=\"136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-sql_server.png 345w, https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-sql_server-175x69.png 175w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">La sintaxis del este operador ser\u00eda:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"slq server sintaxis INESEM\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/9\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-sintaxis.png\" alt=\"sintaxis pivot\" width=\"324\" height=\"112\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Veamos un ejemplo de uso. Supongamos que disponemos de los siguientes datos:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2151\" title=\"sql server 2 INESEM\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-datos.png\" alt=\"datos pivot\" width=\"220\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-datos.png 220w, https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-datos-113x175.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Al tomar estos datos como entrada, aplicando el operador <strong>PIVOT<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2152\" title=\"sql server 3 INESEM\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-sentencia.png\" alt=\"datos pivot \" width=\"395\" height=\"114\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-sentencia.png 395w, https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-sentencia-175x51.png 175w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Los resultados obtenidos ser\u00edan:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"resultados pivot INESEM\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/9\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-datos-112x175.png\" alt=\"resultados obtenidos en pivot\" width=\"212\" height=\"275\" \/><span style=\"text-align: justify\">Como podemos observar, se hace una agrupaci\u00f3n por a\u00f1os, aplicando la funci\u00f3n de agrupaci\u00f3n <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: justify\">SUM<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: justify\"> y los valores \u00fanicos de los a\u00f1os se emplean en la salida como columnas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Si pidi\u00e9semos a\u00f1os para los que no existen valores, en las celdas correspondientes se devolver\u00eda <strong>NULL<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2154\" title=\"sql server 5 INESEM\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-sentencia-bis.png\" alt=\"sentencia bis PIVOT\" width=\"546\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-sentencia-bis.png 546w, https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-sentencia-bis-175x96.png 175w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UNPIVOT\"><\/span>UNPIVOT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para realizar la operaci\u00f3n inversa, es decir transformar columnas en filas, usamos el operador de SQL Server llamado\u00a0<strong>UNPIVOT<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Para ver el funcionamiento de <strong>UNPIVOT,<\/strong> supongamos que usamos como datos de entrada la siguiente tabla:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2155\" title=\"slq server unpivot INESEM\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-datos-origen1.png\" alt=\"tabla de datos unpivot\" width=\"465\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-datos-origen1.png 465w, https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-pivot-datos-origen1-175x66.png 175w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 465px) 100vw, 465px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Si aplicamos el operador <strong>UNPIVOT<\/strong> a trav\u00e9s de la sentencia:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2156\" title=\"slq server unpivot 2 INESEM\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-Unpivot-sentencia.png\" alt=\"unpivot sentencia\" width=\"387\" height=\"121\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-Unpivot-sentencia.png 387w, https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-Unpivot-sentencia-175x55.png 175w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Los resultados obtenidos ser\u00edan:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2157\" title=\"slq server unpivot 3 INESEM\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-unpivot-datos.png\" alt=\"columna unpivot\" width=\"232\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-unpivot-datos.png 232w, https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/files\/2015\/06\/inesem-unpivot-datos-122x175.png 122w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Que como se puede observar, muestra los datos intercambiando las columnas y cruzando las columnas con las filas originales para obtener la tabla completa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Por tanto <strong>UNPIVOT<\/strong> es el operador opuesto a <strong>PIVOT,<\/strong> a excepci\u00f3n que <strong>PIVOT<\/strong> ejecuta una funci\u00f3n de agregaci\u00f3n, mientras transforma los valores de la fila en valores de columna, con lo cual podr\u00eda fusionar lo valores de m\u00faltiples filas en un valor de una sola columna de salida. Por tanto, aplicando a unos datos el operador <strong>PIVOT<\/strong> y posteriormente el <strong>UNPIVOT,<\/strong> no obtendr\u00edamos los datos originales.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">En cualquier caso estos dos operadores de SQL Server, como he mostrado a lo largo del post, son muy f\u00e1ciles de usar y con una sola consulta nos pueden dar mucha informaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aprende c\u00f3mo convertir filas en columnas con los dos operadores de SQL Server: PIVOT y UNPIVOT.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":70,"featured_media":2159,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"class_list":["post-2148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-desarrollo-de-aplicaciones"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - 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TICS\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/InesemBusinessSchool\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/inesem\",\"http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/2370697\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/inesembusinesschool\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/#\/schema\/person\/3e3c2ff598dcbfd18aef8da3a40b71df\",\"name\":\"Juan Iruela\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/informatica-y-tics\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/comercio-hosteleria-turismo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/6\/files\/2013\/09\/Juan-Iruela_avatar.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.inesem.es\/revistadigital\/comercio-hosteleria-turismo\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/6\/files\/2013\/09\/Juan-Iruela_avatar.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Juan 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